Western Congolian forest-savanna

Achiote, also sold as annatto or lipstick tree, is a fast-growing evergreen shrub or small tree native from Mexico through Central America to Colombia, Venezuela, the Guianas, Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia, Brazil, Paraguay, and northern Argentina, and planted across the tropics for its seeds. Clusters of pink or white flowers about 2 inches across, like single wild roses, open at the branch tips and are followed by clusters of red to red-brown capsules covered in soft bristles, which split open to show seeds coated in a waxy red-orange layer. That coating is annatto: the coloring and mild seasoning behind achiote paste and sazón, the yellow-orange of many cheeses, butters, and margarines, and the red body paint and lipstick that gave the plant its English name. In a garden it usually stays 6 to 12 feet tall and wide as a specimen or informal hedge, though as a tree it can reach 20 to 30 feet. It is frost-tender and needs a frost-free climate: it is hardy outdoors in USDA zones 10a-12b and grown elsewhere in a large container or conservatory that comes indoors before frost. Outside its native range it has naturalized on many Pacific islands, sparingly so in Hawaii, and in the Galapagos, where the Charles Darwin Foundation rates it potentially invasive.

A bold, clump-forming evergreen perennial from South Africa, grown for big rounded umbels of trumpet-shaped blue (or white) flowers held on tall bare stalks above arching, strap-shaped leaves in mid-to-late summer. It is widely sold as "lily of the Nile," but that is a misnomer - the plant is South African (the Cape provinces and KwaZulu-Natal), not from the Nile. Spectacular and easy in warm climates, this evergreen Agapanthus is frost-tender, so in cold-winter areas it is grown in a container and overwintered under cover. The RHS has given several Agapanthus praecox forms its Award of Garden Merit and rates this evergreen species half-hardy (H3 - needs winter protection).

A tall, bold warm-season annual from Mexico and Guatemala (the "African" name is a misnomer of its European garden history) grown for large, fully double, pompon-like flowerheads in saturated yellow, gold, and orange over strongly aromatic, finely divided foliage. Plants reach 1 to 4 feet and bloom from early summer to frost in full sun. The petals are edible and used as a culinary garnish and natural dye, and the flowers are the iconic "flor de muerto" of Mexican Day of the Dead. Despite the wide listed zone range it is frost-tender and grown for a single warm season.

One of the world's most spectacular flowering trees and, in the same breath, one of its most dangerous invaders. Spathodea campanulata is a large, fast-growing tropical tree native to the moist forests of West and Central Africa (GBIF), carrying a dense crown of glossy compound leaves topped by showy, upturned clusters of big, frilly, scarlet-to-orange, tulip-shaped flowers (the boat-shaped buds hold water). It is glorious - and it is a serious invasive. The African tulip tree is listed among the IUCN "100 of the world's worst invasive species"; outside its native range it has overrun wet-tropical forests across the Pacific, Hawaii, the Caribbean, and parts of Asia and Australia, and its flowers can be lethal to native bees. Plant it ONLY where it is genuinely native or where it cannot escape, and first check that it is not prohibited locally - do not plant it in any tropical region where it can naturalise. It is frost-tender (USDA 10a-11), fast, and wants full sun and moisture; in cold-winter climates it is grown only as a tender container specimen kept frost-free. It is an ornamental, not a food plant.

Aji pepper is the South American chili species behind aji amarillo, Lemon Drop, Bishop's crown and Brazil's dedo-de-moça - one of the five domesticated chili peppers, and a different plant from the familiar garden pepper (Capsicum annuum) and the habanero (Capsicum chinense). It is a perennial shrub native from Colombia, Ecuador and Peru through Bolivia, Paraguay, Uruguay, northern Argentina and central and southern Brazil, and where it can live for years it grows taller than most garden peppers, up to about 6.6 feet. Its white to cream flowers are typically marked with green or gold, and its fruits, which usually hang down in cultivated forms, come in an unusually wide range of shapes, from long tapered pods to the crown-shaped Bishop's crown. Heat runs from nearly heatless types to hot ones; aji amarillo is rated around 30,000-50,000 Scoville units. It is frost tender, so outside nearly frost-free climates it is grown as a warm-weather annual.

Aloe vera is a succulent perennial grown almost everywhere as an easy houseplant: a low rosette of thick, fleshy, toothed, grey-green leaves filled with the clear gel it is famous for. POWO (Kew) gives its native range as the Arabian Peninsula, though the exact wild origin is uncertain after millennia of cultivation, and it is now grown worldwide as the familiar medicinal aloe. Indoors it wants bright light or a sunny windowsill and very infrequent watering - it is highly drought-tolerant and rots if overwatered, which is the single most common way to kill it. Its uses are genuinely nuanced: the clear inner leaf gel is widely applied to skin (minor burns) and is consumed in aloe juices and drinks, but the yellow latex just beneath the rind is a powerful laxative and irritant that should not be casually eaten (and is best avoided in pregnancy), and the whole plant is toxic to cats and dogs. It is frost-tender and hardy outdoors only in roughly USDA zones 9b-11; everywhere colder it lives in a pot. RHS gives it the Award of Garden Merit as an easy succulent houseplant and rates it H1C. Its air-purifying reputation, drawn from a single 1989 NASA chamber study, is negligible at realistic room densities - grow it for the plant itself, not to clean your air.

Hippeastrum x hybridum is a complex garden hybrid derived from six or more wild Hippeastrum species native to tropical and subtropical South America, developed through intensive breeding since the late 18th century and now the dominant "amaryllis" sold worldwide as a holiday bulb. It produces spectacular trumpet-shaped flowers - 5 to 8 inches across - on stout leafless scapes in red, pink, white, orange, salmon, or bicolour, making it one of the most dramatic winter-flowering houseplants available. The honest catch is toxicity: the entire plant, especially the bulb, contains lycorine and related alkaloids at concentrations that cause vomiting, salivation, tremors, and hypotension in pets and children, so it must be placed out of reach and handled with care.

Angel's trumpet (Brugmansia suaveolens) is a large, soft-wooded shrub or small tree hung with enormous pendulous trumpet flowers - up to 12 inches long, white aging to soft blush, and intensely fragrant in the evening and at night. Native to the Atlantic Forest of south-eastern Brazil (POWO, Kew; Flora e Funga do Brasil), it is now classified Extinct in the Wild by the IUCN and survives only in cultivation, which makes a familiar garden plant quietly remarkable. It grows fast and thirsty in warmth (USDA zones 9b-11b) and is frost-tender, so in cold-winter areas it is grown in a large container and overwintered under cover. The load-bearing warning is its toxicity: EVERY PART IS HIGHLY TOXIC, loaded with tropane alkaloids (scopolamine, atropine, hyoscyamine), and poisonings can be severe or fatal - never plant it where children or pets could reach it.

A tender perennial from Madagascar grown across temperate North America as a heat-loving summer annual - a mounding 6-18 inch plant in the dogbane family covered in flat five-lobed phlox-like flowers from June to frost. The species blooms rosy-pink to red with a darker mauve throat, and it shrugs off the hot, humid weather that wilts most bedding plants. Every part of the plant is poisonous: it is the natural source of the vinca alkaloids used in chemotherapy.

A frost-tender broadleaf evergreen tree of the laurel family, native to Mexico and Central America and grown across the tropics and subtropics for its buttery, pear-shaped fruit. Glossy dark-green elliptic leaves 4 to 8 inches long clothe a tree that reaches 30 to 60 feet, hung with greenish-yellow flower panicles that give way to large single-seeded berries. Hardy only in USDA zones 10-12 - north of that it is an indoor curiosity easily sprouted from a pit, but one that rarely fruits.

A low, ground-hugging warm-season annual legume domesticated in West Africa (around present-day Mali and Nigeria) and grown across the continent as a hardy indigenous pulse (GBIF). Trifoliate leaves rise on short, creeping stems, and after the tiny flowers are pollinated their stalks bend down and push the developing pods into the soil, so the crop ripens UNDERGROUND like a peanut. The round, hard seeds are remarkably rich in both protein and carbohydrate, making bambara groundnut a near-complete food and a staple where harsher conditions defeat other beans. It is famously DROUGHT-tolerant and productive on hot, poor, sandy soils, fixing its own nitrogen, but it is a FROST-TENDER, warm-season annual that needs a long, warm season for the underground pods to fill. RHS lists it as a tender, drought-tolerant warm-season annual pulse for full sun, its pods ripening underground (RHS). Outside the tropics it is grown as a summer annual, sown after the last frost once the soil is warm.

A giant herbaceous perennial from Southeast Asia and the principal wild ancestor of most cultivated dessert bananas. What looks like a trunk is a 'pseudostem' - tightly rolled leaf sheaths - topped by a fountain of huge, paddle-shaped leaves that can run 6 to 10 feet long, giving an instant tropical effect. In frost-free climates (USDA zones 10a-11b) an established clump produces a drooping flower spike and a hanging bunch of edible fruit, then that pseudostem dies and is replaced by a sucker from the base. It is frost-tender: everywhere colder it is grown as a bold container or greenhouse foliage plant that is overwintered indoors and rarely, if ever, fruits.

Felicia amelloides is an evergreen, woody-based perennial subshrub native to a narrow coastal strip of South Africa's Western and Eastern Cape, where it colonises stabilising sand dunes, sandy flats, and rocky outcrops at 0 to 3,280.8 feet. In the garden it delivers a near-continuous flush of sky-blue, yellow-centred daisy flowers on neat mounding growth, typically 12 to 24 inches but capable of reaching about 3.3 feet, making it one of the few true blue-flowered plants for sunny pots and borders. The honest catch is frost-tenderness: it survives only light frost in sharply drained soil and collapses below about 23°F, so outside USDA zones 9-11 it must be overwintered under glass or replaced annually - a real commitment in cool-temperate gardens.

An Old World cottage-garden annual grown for daisy- to chrysanthemum-like flowerheads (3 to 4 inches across) in bright yellow through deep orange, often with a contrasting darker center disk. In cool climates it blooms over a long summer-to-fall window; in hot summers it tends to languish and may need a midseason cutback to rebloom. The somewhat bitter flowers and lance-shaped aromatic leaves are edible, and the petals lend color to soups, rice, and baked goods.

A cool-weather leafy cabbage relative grown for its broad, leathery, blue-green leaves that grow in a loose upright rosette on a thick stem - never forming a head ("acephala" is Greek for headless). A biennial almost always grown as an annual, it sweetens after a fall frost and, in mild-winter regions, keeps producing leaves through winter until it bolts in spring. One of the most cold-tolerant vegetables in the cabbage family.

A giant evergreen relative of the banana from coastal eastern South Africa, grown for its enormous, gray-green, paddle-shaped leaves and its dramatic white-and-blue, crane-like flowers. Honesty first: in frost-free climates (USDA zones 10a-11b) it forms a fan of multiple woody trunks and reaches 20 to 30 feet tall, with large bird-of-paradise blooms held in dark, boat-shaped bracts up in the canopy. It is frost-tender, so everywhere colder it is grown as a big container or indoor foliage plant - kept far smaller by the pot and rarely, if ever, flowering. The whole plant is a mild irritant if eaten, with the seeds more so, so it is best kept away from curious pets and children. It is grown above all for bold, tropical, architectural foliage rather than for its flowers in most gardens.

Japanese pittosporum is a dense, evergreen shrub native to warm-temperate and subtropical coastal forests of Japan, China, Taiwan, and Korea, prized for its leathery whorled foliage and intensely fragrant white flower clusters in spring. In suitable climates (USDA zones 8b-11) it is exceptionally tough - tolerating salt spray, drought, compacted soils, and heavy pruning - making it a staple of coastal landscapes, hedges, and mass plantings. The honest catch is twofold: it is frost-tender and will be killed or severely damaged below about 15°F, ruling it out for most of the continental US interior; and in mild Mediterranean-climate regions it escapes cultivation from bird-dispersed sticky seeds, where a Madrid study ranked it among the shrubs most associated with damage to native vegetation.

Loquat is a medium evergreen tree in the rose family, native to the cooler hill regions of south-central China and cultivated for centuries across subtropical and mild-temperate climates worldwide. In the garden it offers year-round glossy foliage, sweetly fragrant autumn-to-winter flowers, and edible spring fruit - a rare sequence that fills an otherwise quiet ornamental gap. The honest catch is threefold: the seeds and young leaves contain cyanogenic glycosides (amygdalin) and must be kept away from children and pets; ripe fruit drop creates a slippery, fermenting mess beneath the canopy; and in zone 7 or the cooler edge of zone 8, an open-ground tree is likely to be defoliated or killed in a hard winter, and its autumn-winter flower buds lost, unless given wall shelter or reliable microclimate protection.

The classic garden nasturtium - a fast, easy annual grown for showy, long-spurred, funnel-shaped flowers in red, orange, yellow, and cream above round, shield-shaped (peltate) leaves with radiating veins. Dwarf-bushy types sprawl through beds and containers while climbing types scramble up a trellis. Every part except the roots - leaves, buds, flowers, pods, and seeds - is edible with a peppery, watercress-like bite, and the flowers draw hummingbirds and butterflies.

A spreading, rounded evergreen shrub from the southwestern Cape fynbos of South Africa, grown for flower heads that look exactly like brilliant orange, yellow, or red pincushions - a dome of nectar-rich flowers from which long curved styles project like pins - held over heart-based, blue-green leaves. It is one of the great Cape cut-flower exports and a Mediterranean-climate garden classic. Like the rest of the protea family it is phosphorus-sensitive: ordinary phosphate fertiliser or bone meal will kill it, because its cluster (proteoid) roots are adapted to nutrient-poor fynbos soils. It demands acidic, very sharply drained soil, full sun, and good air movement; it is drought-tolerant once established but rots in wet, rich, or limey ground, and it is frost-tender (RHS H3), so it grows outdoors only in warm, frost-free or Mediterranean climates and is a conservatory plant everywhere colder. In the wild the pincushion heads are worked for nectar by sunbirds and bees - it is chiefly bird-pollinated.

Star jasmine is an evergreen woody climbing vine native to eastern and southeastern Asia - Japan, Korea, southern China, and Vietnam - where it twines into forest margins and scrub. In gardens it is prized for intensely fragrant pinwheel-shaped white flowers in late spring to early summer and year-round glossy foliage, earning the RHS Award of Garden Merit. The honest catch is hardiness: it is reliable only in USDA zones 8-11 (the RHS rates it H4, roughly 14 to 23°F), so growers in zone 7 and colder face repeated dieback or outright loss in a hard winter, and in the warmest zones its vigour tips into aggressive coverage that can smother smaller plants.

A cool-weather annual climber grown for intensely fragrant flowers - the species epithet odoratus means "fragrant" - carried on winged stems whose tendrils let plants twine to 6 to 8 feet in a single season. Cultivars bloom in every color except yellow, May through July. A challenge in hot, humid summers: as temperatures rise the plants decline rapidly, so it is sown early for a cool-season show. The pea-like fruits, unlike edible garden peas, are inedible and poisonous to humans.

A long-lived epiphytic cactus from the Atlantic coastal forest of southeastern Brazil, grown indoors almost everywhere for its arching, segmented stems and its showy late-fall and winter flowers in hot pink, magenta, red, orange, salmon, or white. It is the plant most often sold and labeled as a 'Christmas cactus,' but the confusion is near-universal and worth getting right: this is the Thanksgiving, crab, or claw cactus, with sharp, claw-like teeth on the edges of its flat stem segments and a bloom season that runs from late fall into winter. The true Christmas cactus is a different plant, the hybrid Schlumbergera x buckleyi, which has smooth, rounded segment margins and blooms a few weeks later. Unlike a true desert cactus, it is a forest epiphyte that grows on tree branches in dappled light, so it wants bright indirect light, a free-draining mix, sparing water, and - to set its buds - cool nights and short days. A reassuring point that sets it apart from many houseplants: it is non-toxic to cats and dogs. The surest field mark is the pollen: Schlumbergera truncata has yellow pollen and asymmetric flowers held out nearly horizontally, where the true Christmas cactus (S. x buckleyi) has rose-pink pollen and more regular, pendent blooms.