Once the dominant canopy hardwood of the eastern United States forest — an estimated four billion trees, prized for fast growth, rot-resistant timber, and an enormous annual crop of sweet edible nuts that fed people, livestock, and wildlife alike. In the early 1900s an introduced Asian fungus, chestnut blight (Cryphonectria parasitica), swept through and functionally destroyed it: by the 1950s the species was effectively extinct as a mature forest tree. Surviving root systems still send up sprouts from old stumps, but the blight almost always girdles and kills them before they can grow large enough to flower and reproduce. The honest reality for a gardener is that you cannot reliably grow a mature wild-type American chestnut today. The realistic paths are blight-resistant backcross hybrids from The American Chestnut Foundation or transgenic blight-tolerant lines still being deployed — not a pure wild seedling, which the blight will almost certainly kill.

A tough, medium-sized native tree of the eastern and midwestern United States, grown as much for its showy edible orange fruit as for its distinctive thick, dark gray bark broken into rectangular blocks. Small urn-shaped white-to-greenish-yellow flowers open in May and June, and the sweet fruit ripens after frost. Largely dioecious — a female tree needs a male pollinizer nearby to set fruit — and notably drought- and walnut-tolerant once established.

A handsome, intensely aromatic broadleaf evergreen tree native to coastal California and southwestern Oregon, where it grows from a dense, rounded shade tree of 30-75 feet down to a multi-stemmed large shrub on harsher sites. The narrow, glossy, dark-green leaves are richly scented — crush one and the pungent, spicy oil is unmistakable — and small clusters of pale yellow-green flowers in late winter and early spring give way to round, olive-like fruit that ripens from green to purple. It is one of the most fragrant trees of the West Coast and a tough, drought-adapted evergreen for zones 7-9, but it carries two important cautions: the oils are strong enough to earn it the nickname 'headache tree,' and it is a major foliar host and reservoir for Phytophthora ramorum, the pathogen behind Sudden Oak Death, so it should not be planted near oaks or tanoaks in affected regions.

An ancient Mediterranean fruit tree grown for millennia for its sweet, soft edible figs — a deciduous shrub (10-15 ft) or small tree (to 15-30 ft) with bold, deeply 3-5 lobed palmate leaves and smooth silver-gray bark that gnarls handsomely with age. Its tiny greenish flowers bloom hidden inside hollow receptacles that swell into the fruit; most cultivars are parthenocarpic, setting figs without pollination. Best in USDA Zones 8-10, it survives Zones 6-7 in sheltered, south-facing spots with winter protection or grown in containers moved indoors.

A small native understory tree of eastern North American forests producing the largest native fruit on the continent — a banana-custard-flavored tropical-tasting drupe in late summer. The canonical larval host for zebra swallowtail (Protographium marcellus, an Annonaceae specialist) per NC State; without pawpaw colonies the butterfly cannot reproduce. Self-incompatible — two genetically distinct trees are required for fruit set. Fly-and-beetle-pollinated via fetid maroon spring flowers.

The original quince — a deciduous, often multi-stemmed small tree or large shrub of the rose family from the Caucasus and western Asia, grown for its aromatic golden-yellow fruit rather than as an ornamental. Solitary, five-petaled pale-pink-to-white flowers open on the current season’s growth in mid to late spring, followed by showy round-to-pear-shaped fruit that ripens from gray-green to bright yellow in fall. Raw the fruit is hard, bitter, and astringent, but it sweetens and perfumes a kitchen once cooked into jellies, tarts, and cider. Not to be confused with the ornamental flowering quince (Chaenomeles).