Nile Delta flooded savanna

Achiote, also sold as annatto or lipstick tree, is a fast-growing evergreen shrub or small tree native from Mexico through Central America to Colombia, Venezuela, the Guianas, Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia, Brazil, Paraguay, and northern Argentina, and planted across the tropics for its seeds. Clusters of pink or white flowers about 2 inches across, like single wild roses, open at the branch tips and are followed by clusters of red to red-brown capsules covered in soft bristles, which split open to show seeds coated in a waxy red-orange layer. That coating is annatto: the coloring and mild seasoning behind achiote paste and sazón, the yellow-orange of many cheeses, butters, and margarines, and the red body paint and lipstick that gave the plant its English name. In a garden it usually stays 6 to 12 feet tall and wide as a specimen or informal hedge, though as a tree it can reach 20 to 30 feet. It is frost-tender and needs a frost-free climate: it is hardy outdoors in USDA zones 10a-12b and grown elsewhere in a large container or conservatory that comes indoors before frost. Outside its native range it has naturalized on many Pacific islands, sparingly so in Hawaii, and in the Galapagos, where the Charles Darwin Foundation rates it potentially invasive.

A tall, summer-growing cormous perennial from across sub-Saharan Africa, grown for arching spikes of large, hooded, orange-to-red-and-yellow flowers in summer over fans of sword-shaped leaves. This is the widespread wild African gladiolus and a key ancestor of the big garden gladioli. Unlike the winter-growing Cape bulbs, it is a SUMMER-GROWING corm: plant in spring, grow and flower through summer, then it dies back to a dormant corm for winter. It wants full sun, well-drained soil, and summer moisture, and is one of the hardier species gladioli - surviving to about USDA zone 7 with a deep winter mulch or by lifting the corms in cold-winter areas. The corms are toxic and irritant if eaten and have been used in traditional medicine, never as food. In the wild the hooded flowers are pollinated by sunbirds and long-tongued insects.

A bold, clump-forming evergreen perennial from South Africa, grown for big rounded umbels of trumpet-shaped blue (or white) flowers held on tall bare stalks above arching, strap-shaped leaves in mid-to-late summer. It is widely sold as "lily of the Nile," but that is a misnomer - the plant is South African (the Cape provinces and KwaZulu-Natal), not from the Nile. Spectacular and easy in warm climates, this evergreen Agapanthus is frost-tender, so in cold-winter areas it is grown in a container and overwintered under cover. The RHS has given several Agapanthus praecox forms its Award of Garden Merit and rates this evergreen species half-hardy (H3 - needs winter protection).

One of the world's most spectacular flowering trees and, in the same breath, one of its most dangerous invaders. Spathodea campanulata is a large, fast-growing tropical tree native to the moist forests of West and Central Africa (GBIF), carrying a dense crown of glossy compound leaves topped by showy, upturned clusters of big, frilly, scarlet-to-orange, tulip-shaped flowers (the boat-shaped buds hold water). It is glorious - and it is a serious invasive. The African tulip tree is listed among the IUCN "100 of the world's worst invasive species"; outside its native range it has overrun wet-tropical forests across the Pacific, Hawaii, the Caribbean, and parts of Asia and Australia, and its flowers can be lethal to native bees. Plant it ONLY where it is genuinely native or where it cannot escape, and first check that it is not prohibited locally - do not plant it in any tropical region where it can naturalise. It is frost-tender (USDA 10a-11), fast, and wants full sun and moisture; in cold-winter climates it is grown only as a tender container specimen kept frost-free. It is an ornamental, not a food plant.

Aji pepper is the South American chili species behind aji amarillo, Lemon Drop, Bishop's crown and Brazil's dedo-de-moça - one of the five domesticated chili peppers, and a different plant from the familiar garden pepper (Capsicum annuum) and the habanero (Capsicum chinense). It is a perennial shrub native from Colombia, Ecuador and Peru through Bolivia, Paraguay, Uruguay, northern Argentina and central and southern Brazil, and where it can live for years it grows taller than most garden peppers, up to about 6.6 feet. Its white to cream flowers are typically marked with green or gold, and its fruits, which usually hang down in cultivated forms, come in an unusually wide range of shapes, from long tapered pods to the crown-shaped Bishop's crown. Heat runs from nearly heatless types to hot ones; aji amarillo is rated around 30,000-50,000 Scoville units. It is frost tender, so outside nearly frost-free climates it is grown as a warm-weather annual.

Hippeastrum x hybridum is a complex garden hybrid derived from six or more wild Hippeastrum species native to tropical and subtropical South America, developed through intensive breeding since the late 18th century and now the dominant "amaryllis" sold worldwide as a holiday bulb. It produces spectacular trumpet-shaped flowers - 5 to 8 inches across - on stout leafless scapes in red, pink, white, orange, salmon, or bicolour, making it one of the most dramatic winter-flowering houseplants available. The honest catch is toxicity: the entire plant, especially the bulb, contains lycorine and related alkaloids at concentrations that cause vomiting, salivation, tremors, and hypotension in pets and children, so it must be placed out of reach and handled with care.

American beautyberry (Callicarpa americana) is a loose, open, arching deciduous shrub of the southeastern and south-central United States, grown almost entirely for one spectacular autumn trick. Through summer it is a quiet green background plant, carrying small clusters of pink-to-lilac flowers tucked into the leaf axils. Then, from late summer into fall, those clusters ripen into tight whorls of vivid magenta-purple berries that wrap right around the stems at every leaf joint, so the arching branches look strung with beads. Songbirds strip them through fall and early winter. It is an easy, fast-growing, forgiving native that asks for little: full sun to part shade, ordinary well-drained soil, and room to arch. Site it where the fall berry show can be seen, because in leaf and flower it is plain, and in fruit it is one of the most distinctive shrubs you can grow.

Dierama pulcherrimum, angel's fishing rod, is an arching, more-or-less evergreen cormous perennial in the iris family (Iridaceae), endemic to the open summer-rainfall grasslands of the Eastern Cape of South Africa. It forms grassy tufts of long, narrow leaves from which tall, wiry, arching flower stems rise to about 4.9 feet (occasionally to 5.9 feet), each hung with pendulous, bell-shaped rosy-pink to purple flowers in summer - the namesake "fishing rod" silhouette over a pond or in a gravel garden. It is the load-bearing caution to note that this is only a borderline-hardy plant: RHS rates it H4 (hardy to roughly 14 to 23°F / USDA ~8b-9), so in colder zones it needs a sheltered, sunny, sharply drained spot, a winter mulch, or container/glasshouse protection, and it resents disturbance once established. It is not recorded as toxic - though it is grown purely as an ornamental and is not a food plant, so treat it as inedible. It is well-behaved (Least Concern in the wild, no recorded weediness) and suits borders, pond margins, and containers in mild-temperate gardens.

Angel's trumpet (Brugmansia suaveolens) is a large, soft-wooded shrub or small tree hung with enormous pendulous trumpet flowers - up to 12 inches long, white aging to soft blush, and intensely fragrant in the evening and at night. Native to the Atlantic Forest of south-eastern Brazil (POWO, Kew; Flora e Funga do Brasil), it is now classified Extinct in the Wild by the IUCN and survives only in cultivation, which makes a familiar garden plant quietly remarkable. It grows fast and thirsty in warmth (USDA zones 9b-11b) and is frost-tender, so in cold-winter areas it is grown in a large container and overwintered under cover. The load-bearing warning is its toxicity: EVERY PART IS HIGHLY TOXIC, loaded with tropane alkaloids (scopolamine, atropine, hyoscyamine), and poisonings can be severe or fatal - never plant it where children or pets could reach it.

Anise-scented sage is a tall, upright perennial in the mint family (Lamiaceae), native to Brazil, Paraguay, Uruguay, and Argentina. NC State Extension and Missouri Botanical Garden PlantFinder describe a bushy, square-stemmed plant 2 to 5 feet tall and wide that carries spikes of deep blue, two-lipped flowers with purple-blue calyxes from July into fall; NC State calls it a reliable nectar source for hummingbirds and butterflies, and notes that carpenter bees rob its nectar by biting a hole in the floral tube. The 'anise-scented' name is only partly earned: Wikipedia describes 'an anise scent when crushed,' but Missouri Botanical Garden PlantFinder says the bruised foliage has a very mild aroma with 'very little if any anise scent.' It spreads by tuberous roots that let it reproduce vegetatively (NC State Extension), so it fills a space rather than staying in a tidy clump. It is winter hardy only to about USDA zone 8a: farther north, grow it as an annual or overwinter cuttings indoors, though NC State notes the 'Black and Blue' cultivar is hardier and will survive milder zone 7 winters if well mulched. Neither NC State nor Missouri Botanical Garden documents an edible use or a toxicity hazard. NC State records, as ethnobotanical history, that the Guarani people of Brazil used it as a sedative; that is not a recommendation to take it, so treat it as a non-food ornamental. It has also naturalized outside South America (Wikipedia records it in New Zealand and Chile), so where winters are mild enough for it to persist outdoors, check your local weed or invasive-plant list before planting it.

A tender perennial from Madagascar grown across temperate North America as a heat-loving summer annual - a mounding 6-18 inch plant in the dogbane family covered in flat five-lobed phlox-like flowers from June to frost. The species blooms rosy-pink to red with a darker mauve throat, and it shrugs off the hot, humid weather that wilts most bedding plants. Every part of the plant is poisonous: it is the natural source of the vinca alkaloids used in chemotherapy.

A deciduous Eastern-Asian fruit tree with a rounded, spreading crown that the Missouri Botanical Garden lists at 20 to 30 feet tall and wide. Oval leaves emerge yellowish-green, mature to glossy green, and turn gold to red in fall; fragrant but insignificant late-spring flowers give way to showy orange persimmons (3 to 4 inches) that ripen in late fall and may persist on bare branches into winter. Winter hardy to USDA Zones 7-10 and drought tolerant once established.

An Old World cottage-garden annual grown for daisy- to chrysanthemum-like flowerheads (3 to 4 inches across) in bright yellow through deep orange, often with a contrasting darker center disk. In cool climates it blooms over a long summer-to-fall window; in hot summers it tends to languish and may need a midseason cutback to rebloom. The somewhat bitter flowers and lance-shaped aromatic leaves are edible, and the petals lend color to soups, rice, and baked goods.

A cool-weather leafy cabbage relative grown for its broad, leathery, blue-green leaves that grow in a loose upright rosette on a thick stem - never forming a head ("acephala" is Greek for headless). A biennial almost always grown as an annual, it sweetens after a fall frost and, in mild-winter regions, keeps producing leaves through winter until it bolts in spring. One of the most cold-tolerant vegetables in the cabbage family.

Large white petunia is the wild South American species behind the garden petunia: a loose, spreading annual or tender perennial in the nightshade family (Solanaceae), native to the grasslands and rocky outcrops of Uruguay, southern Brazil, Paraguay, Bolivia and Argentina. Its pure white, funnel-shaped trumpets, 1 to 3 inches long, are the only white flowers in the genus, and they release a strong scent at night that draws hawkmoths. The garden petunia (Petunia x atkinsiana) is a hybrid of this species and Petunia integrifolia, but grown as itself it is a taller, looser, fragrant plant for the evening garden rather than a compact bedding mound. It is frost-tender: the RHS rates it H3, half-hardy to a winter minimum of 23°F to 34°F, which the RHS equates to USDA zones 9b/10a, so it lives through the winter outdoors only in mild gardens and is grown from seed as a warm-season annual below zone 9b.

The classic garden nasturtium - a fast, easy annual grown for showy, long-spurred, funnel-shaped flowers in red, orange, yellow, and cream above round, shield-shaped (peltate) leaves with radiating veins. Dwarf-bushy types sprawl through beds and containers while climbing types scramble up a trellis. Every part except the roots - leaves, buds, flowers, pods, and seeds - is edible with a peppery, watercress-like bite, and the flowers draw hummingbirds and butterflies.

The classic cool-season bedding plant, grown for 2-4 inch flattened "face" flowers in nearly every color, usually marked with a contrasting dark blotch and central whiskering. A garden-origin hybrid (not a wild species) treated as a short-lived perennial run as a cool-weather annual or biennial - it blooms hardest in spring and fall and inevitably succumbs to summer heat. The Missouri Botanical Garden lists it as the top-selling winter bedding plant in the deep South.

The Paraná pine (Araucaria angustifolia), known in Brazil as the pinheiro-do-paraná, is a huge evergreen conifer with an unmistakable candelabra silhouette - a tall, bare trunk topped by upswept whorls of branches and stiff, sharply pointed leaves. It is native to the highlands of southern Brazil, reaching just into Argentina and Paraguay, where it is the keystone tree of the Araucaria moist forest (POWO, Kew; native status per Flora e Funga do Brasil). HONESTY: it is Critically Endangered on the IUCN Red List - its southern-Brazilian forest has been reduced by well over 90% by logging and land conversion, so this is a genuinely conservation-notable tree, not just an ornamental. It is dioecious, with separate male and female trees, so two are needed to set seed. Its large seeds, the pinhão, are a traditional and prized food, edible when cooked. Slow-growing, very long-lived, wind-pollinated, and needing real space and a cool-subtropical highland climate, it is a specimen for large gardens and conservation plantings rather than small yards.

Red escallonia is an evergreen shrub native to the slopes of the Andes in southern Chile and neighboring Argentina, where it grows in scrub and open forest from central Chile south to Tierra del Fuego. In gardens it earns its place as a fast-growing, salt-tolerant hedge or windbreak with masses of crimson tubular flowers from midsummer into autumn. The honest catch is frost-tenderness: below USDA zone 8 (or without a sheltered coastal microclimate) hard freezes kill stems to the ground, and in mild, humid climates such as the Pacific Northwest and New Zealand the plant has naturalized aggressively and should be sited with invasive-escape in mind.

The classic cottage-garden snapdragon - named for its hinged, two-lipped "dragon-mouth" blooms that snap open when pinched at the sides. A tender perennial native to southwestern Europe, hardy in USDA Zones 7-10 but grown almost everywhere as a cool-season annual, carrying tall spikes of white, yellow, pink, red, orange, peach, or purple flowers from spring to frost. Hummingbirds and butterflies work the blooms, and the cut spikes are a cutting-garden staple.

A cool-weather annual climber grown for intensely fragrant flowers - the species epithet odoratus means "fragrant" - carried on winged stems whose tendrils let plants twine to 6 to 8 feet in a single season. Cultivars bloom in every color except yellow, May through July. A challenge in hot, humid summers: as temperatures rise the plants decline rapidly, so it is sown early for a cool-season show. The pea-like fruits, unlike edible garden peas, are inedible and poisonous to humans.

An erect, slender evergreen Cape heath (Erica verticillata) carrying tubular, soft-pink flowers in neat whorls up its wiry stems above fine, needle-like leaves - one of horticulture's most celebrated conservation rescues. Native to the Cape Flats sand fynbos of the Cape Provinces, South Africa (POWO, Kew), it was declared extinct in the wild after Cape Town's growth swallowed its lowland habitat by the mid-20th century; it survived only as a handful of plants in botanic gardens (Kirstenbosch, Kew, Vienna) and is now propagated and reintroduced from those garden survivors. In its fynbos home the long tubular flowers are sunbird-pollinated. It is frost-tender (RHS H3) and demands acidic, sandy, sharply drained soil that never dries out completely, full sun, and good air movement - a Cape heath that likes steadier moisture than the proteas but the same sharp drainage. Grown ornamentally; the plant is inedible.

The premier true mahogany and one of the most commercially important tropical hardwoods on Earth: a very large neotropical timber tree that reaches roughly 100 to 150 feet with a broad, spreading, rounded crown, pinnately compound leaves, and reddish-brown heartwood prized for fine furniture and instruments. Honesty first: this is a knowledge and conservation entry, not a plant most people can or should grow. It is a frost-tender tropical giant hardy only in USDA zones 10b-12b, native to the neotropics from southern Mexico through Central America into Amazonian South America, with no role as a temperate-garden ornamental. More important than any landscape use is its conservation status - decades of overharvest for that famous mahogany timber have made it conservation-sensitive, and it is listed on CITES Appendix II, meaning international trade is regulated to keep harvest from driving the species toward extinction. Include it for its story and its scale, and source any wood or plant material only through legal, certified, sustainable channels.

One of the most popular and forgiving foliage houseplants - an evergreen tropical perennial grown indoors for its glossy, dark-green, lance-shaped leaves and elegant white "flowers." Those flowers are not true showy blooms but a white leafy hood, the spathe, wrapped around a creamy spadix. POWO (Kew) places Spathiphyllum wallisii native to the tropical rainforests of Colombia and Venezuela; it is now grown worldwide as an indoor foliage plant. Honesty matters here. It is famously easy: it tolerates LOW light and conveniently droops when thirsty, then recovers after a watering. But every part contains insoluble calcium-oxalate crystals and is TOXIC to cats, dogs, and people if chewed, so keep it away from pets and small children. And its celebrated "air-purifying" reputation, from a 1989 NASA chamber study, is OVERSTATED - at realistic room densities the effect on indoor air quality is negligible. Grow it for its looks and easy care, not as an air purifier. RHS rates it frost-tender, H1B, a tender evergreen for shade and indoor culture under glass.