Madagascar dry deciduous forests

A warm-climate edible structure palette for seasonal dry forests, savannas, and frost-free gardens that need shade, food value, and drought recovery.

A frost-free edible palette for humid subtropical and tropical gardens: fruiting canopy, understory crops, edible roots, and container-friendly patio plants.

A colorful warm-climate screen and hedge palette for frost-light gardens: flowering shrubs, scrambling color, wildlife nectar, and dry-season structure.

The Cape Verde Islands dry forests cover the entire volcanic archipelago of Cabo Verde, a cluster of ten islands and five islets in the eastern Atlantic roughly 500 km off the West African coast near Senegal. Despite the "forest" label, the original vegetation was savanna or steppe at lower elevations with semi-desert plants on the driest ground and arid shrubland or dry woodland higher up, where native trees include the dragon's blood tree (Dracaena caboverdeana), the endemic marmulan (Sideroxylon marginatum), and figs and tamarisk. The climate has a dry season from December to July and a warm, wet season from August to November; rainfall is extremely uneven, with some places receiving around 1,200 mm while others go years with almost none, and taller islands wring out more moisture through orographic rain. Long isolation has produced striking endemism, including dozens of endemic flowering plants such as the endemic genus Tornabenea, many endemic geckos and skinks, and the endangered raso lark, yet only about three percent of the ecoregion is protected and its conservation status is rated critical. For gardeners in similar hot, dry climates, the islands' native flora includes ornamental drought-tolerant genera such as Dracaena and the Cape Verde date palm (Phoenix atlantica).

The Zambezian evergreen dry forests form an archipelago of thick, evergreen forest across western Zambia and adjacent Angola, ranking among the largest expanses of tropical evergreen forest found outside the equatorial zone. The canopy is dominated by the tree genus Cryptosepalum, known locally as "mavunda," whose tall evergreens close over at roughly 15 to 18 meters above a tangled understory of shrubs, creepers, and lianas. Set on deep Kalahari sands at around 1,100 to 1,200 meters elevation, the region cycles through three seasons, a hot wet season, a hot dry season, and a cool dry season, with annual rainfall between about 800 and 1,200 millimeters. Vertebrate richness is relatively low and few species are endemic, yet the forest shelters secretive browsers such as the yellow-backed duiker along with a distinctive bird community, and large stretches fall within Kafue and West Lunga National Parks. Gardeners should note these are fire-intolerant forests, so the native Cryptosepalum and woodland companions such as Brachystegia and Syzygium suit warm, frost-free, summer-rainfall settings.

The Apure-Villavicencio dry forests stretch along the eastern foot of the Andes' eastern cordillera, spanning the Venezuelan states of Portuguesa, Barinas and Apure and the Colombian departments of Arauca, Casanare and Meta. This is a transitional ecoregion, a patchwork of premontane, gallery and deciduous dry forest grading into savanna where the Andean montane forests give way to the lowland Llanos grasslands. Characteristic woody plants include mesquite (Prosopis juliflora), palo verde (Cercidium praecox), kapok (Ceiba pentandra), yellow mombin (Spondias mombin), and palms such as the moriche (Mauritia flexuosa) and macaúba (Acrocomia aculeata). Its climate is equatorial with a pronounced dry winter (Köppen Aw), with temperatures ranging from about 19 to 33 degrees Celsius. The forests have been severely degraded by deforestation, farming and ranching, leaving poorly protected remnants that the World Wildlife Fund rates as Vulnerable, yet they still shelter the giant anteater, Geoffroy's spider monkey, and the flagship Colombian four-eyed frog. Gardeners may recognize several natives here as ornamentals, including the stately kapok tree and the moriche and macaúba palms.

The Bajío dry forests cover the southwestern Mexican Plateau in west-central Mexico, spanning the states of Jalisco, Guanajuato, and Michoacán across the Lerma River basin and the lake country around Chapala, Cuitzeo, and Pátzcuaro. Set in valleys between roughly 1,000 and 2,000 meters on shallow, rocky, well-drained volcanic and limestone soils, the region was historically dry deciduous forest whose characteristic trees included copal, pochote, palo amarillo, and mauto, with thorn-scrub communities of mesquite and huamúchil. The climate is tropical subhumid, with annual rainfall around 500 to 930 millimeters and a pronounced dry season that can last up to eight months. This is one of Mexico's most developed and densely populated landscapes, and centuries of agriculture and grazing have reduced the forest to small pockets now dominated by thorn scrub and subtropical matorral, leaving the ecoregion classed as critical or endangered with only about 7.5 percent in protected areas. Gardeners working in comparably dry, seasonal climates may recognize natives of this region in drought-adapted, deciduous trees such as mesquite and copal.

The Balsas dry forests occupy the basin of the Balsas River in western and central Mexico, spreading across the states of Michoacan, Guerrero, Morelos, Mexico, Puebla, and Oaxaca. This tropical dry broadleaf ecoregion is a deciduous and thorn forest dominated by Bursera trees, alongside the legume Haematoxylum brasiletto and abundant columnar cacti such as Pachycereus and Cephalocereus. The climate is tropical and subhumid, with seasonal rainfall and a severe dry season that can last up to eight months. The forests are a renowned center of plant endemism and speciation, especially for Bursera, with roughly half of the region's Bursera species found nowhere else, and they shelter the near-endemic Balsas screech-owl, though only about a tenth of the ecoregion lies within protected areas. For drought-tolerant or xeric plantings, the native Bursera (the source of copal incense) and the dyewood Haematoxylum brasiletto are ornamental genera that evolved here.

The Bolivian montane dry forests occupy the eastern flank of the Andes in south-central Bolivia, barely reaching into northwest Argentina, where they form a transitional band between the moister Yungas and high puna grasslands above and the lowland Chaco scrub below. Across rugged terrain of cliffs, steep hillsides, and river valleys, the vegetation is a xeric mosaic of dry slopes studded with scattered shrubs and columnar cacti, seasonal dry forest, and gallery forest along watercourses, with characteristic woody plants including Vachellia caven, hopseed bush (Dodonaea viscosa), Prosopis, and quebracho hardwoods such as Aspidosperma quebracho-blanco and Schinopsis. The climate is strongly seasonal and semi-arid, pairing a pronounced dry winter with summer rains. The World Wildlife Fund rates the ecoregion Critical/Endangered, as only about six percent of its original habitat remains amid fragmentation from urban sprawl, agriculture, overhunting, and fuelwood cutting; it nonetheless shelters numerous endemic birds, among them the Bolivian blackbird, Cochabamba mountain finch, and the endangered red-fronted macaw, with the torrent duck as a flagship species. For gardeners in dry, mild-winter climates, several of its natives, such as the ornamental hopseed bush and the fragrant-flowered Vachellia caven, are familiar landscape plants.