East African montane moorlands

The Angolan montane forest-grassland mosaic occupies the west-central highlands of Angola, running along the inland margin of the escarpment some 50 to 100 km from the coast across Huambo, Cuanza Sul, and Huila provinces, and crowned by isolated peaks such as Mount Moco, Mount Mepo, and Mount Lubangue that all rise above 2,500 meters. Open montane grassland dominates above roughly 1,600 meters, studded with Protea sugarbushes and Erica shrubs and grasses such as Themeda triandra, while small forest patches survive in humid ravines and on higher slopes where yellowwood (Podocarpus latifolius) shares an irregular 8-to-15-meter canopy with trees like Polyscias fulva and Ilex mitis. The climate brings wet summers with mist and rainfall through much of the year, though dry-season fires are common and frosts occur on the highest ground. The highlands support dozens of endemic and near-endemic species, including the flagship Angola cave-chat and the threatened Swierstra's francolin, yet the ecoregion is rated Critical/endangered and contains no protected areas. For gardeners the region is the native home of ornamental staples such as Protea, Erica, and Podocarpus.

The Ethiopian montane grasslands and woodlands occupy the middle elevations of the Ethiopian Highlands, mostly within Ethiopia and extending north into Eritrea and Sudan, with the Great Rift Valley splitting the highlands into eastern and western blocks. Across these slopes, roughly 1,800 to 3,000 meters in elevation, the natural cover is a mosaic of montane grassland, open woodland, shrubland and thorn scrub, and pockets of forest, with canopy trees such as Juniperus procera, Afrocarpus falcatus, and Olea europaea, and a transitional belt of Hagenia abyssinica, Hypericum revolutum, and Erica arborea higher up. Rainfall is seasonal and driven by the Inter Tropical Convergence Zone, reaching its highest totals on the wetter southwestern faces of the highlands. The ecoregion harbors a notable concentration of endemic wildlife, including the Walia ibex, mountain nyala, and gelada baboon, and its better-protected fragments survive in national parks such as the Simien and Bale Mountains; fire, livestock grazing, firewood and timber harvesting, and conversion to agriculture have heavily altered the original vegetation. For gardeners in cool, high-elevation climates, several genera native here, among them Hagenia, Hypericum, and the tree heath Erica, carry ornamental interest.

The Ethiopian montane moorlands form the largest Afroalpine landscape in Africa, confined to Ethiopia's highlands above roughly 3,000 meters and reaching over 4,500 meters at peaks like Ras Dashen, taking in the Sanetti Plateau of the Bale Mountains and the Simien and Arsi ranges. Lying above the tree line, the moorlands are dominated by low heathland scrub of the tree heathers Erica trimera and Erica arborea, punctuated by the giant Lobelia rynchopetalum, which can reach six meters when flowering, alongside herbs and grasses such as Helichrysum, Alchemilla, and Festuca. The montane tropical climate is harsh and variable, with rainfall as high as 2,500 mm in the southwest but as little as 1,000 mm in the drier north, cool peak temperatures, and frosts common year-round. The ecoregion is best known as the stronghold of the endemic and endangered Ethiopian wolf (Canis simensis), which hunts rodents across the open moorland and is protected within Bale Mountains and Simien Mountains National Parks. For gardeners, the native tree heath Erica arborea is a familiar ornamental heather genus rooted in this high-altitude flora.

The Highveld Grasslands cover the high interior plateau of South Africa, stretching across the Free State and Gauteng and into parts of the Eastern Cape, Northern Cape, North West, Limpopo, and Mpumalanga provinces, with extensions into Lesotho and Eswatini, generally at elevations of about 1,400 to 1,800 metres. This is a montane grassland ecoregion rather than savanna, divided into sweet grasslands, sour grasslands, and a Kalahari-Karoo transition zone, with dominant grasses such as Themeda triandra, Eragrostis species, Panicum coloratum, and Brachiaria serrata, interspersed with forbs like Helichrysum rugulosum. The climate is summer-rainfall, with a mean annual rainfall between 400 and 900 millimetres delivered largely by afternoon thunderstorms from November through January, and cold, frost-prone winters. Though highly fragmented and largely converted to agriculture, its remaining tracts are the largest areas of grassland left in South Africa, and the region is the stronghold of the blue crane, South Africa's national bird, alongside endemic species such as Botha's lark. For gardeners, the native everlastings of the genus Helichrysum offer a horticulturally familiar link to this grassland flora.

The Jos Plateau forest-grassland mosaic is an isolated Afromontane upland in central Nigeria, spanning Plateau, Bauchi, and Kaduna states across high plains around 1,280 to 1,300 metres, with granite hill ranges rising well above 1,700 metres. It is an island of montane savanna, woodland, and forest set within the surrounding lowland savanna, where dense savanna woodland was likely the natural climax; today most of the plateau is open grassland, with woodland and riparian forest persisting on steep, inaccessible sites. Characteristic woodland trees include Isoberlinia doka, Vitex doniana, Lannea schimperi, and Uapaca somon, while bushland and scrub support Carissa edulis, Diospyros abyssinica, Ficus glumosa, Olea capensis, and several Euphorbia species. Because of its elevation the climate is tropical but cooler than the surrounding lowlands, with highly seasonal rainfall falling mostly between June and September and ranging from roughly 2,000 millimetres in the southwest to about 1,500 millimetres in the northeast. Though small, the plateau harbours notable endemics including the Nigerian mole rat, Fox's shaggy rat, the rock firefinch, and the Jos Plateau indigobird, and it holds West Africa's only population of klipspringer, yet it faces heavy pressure from farmland conversion, firewood collection, and a legacy of abandoned tin mining. For gardeners, native woody plants such as the wild olive Olea capensis, the fig Ficus glumosa, and Vitex doniana suit similar warm, seasonally dry montane conditions.

The Madagascar ericoid thickets form a montane shrubland ecoregion confined to the highest reaches of Madagascar, occurring above roughly 1,800 meters on the island's four major massifs: Tsaratanana, Marojejy, Ankaratra, and Andringitra. The vegetation is a dense, often impenetrable stratum of evergreen woody shrubs and low trees rarely exceeding six meters, with short twisted stems and small ericoid leaves; characteristic genera include Erica, Helichrysum, Vaccinium, Phylica, and the conifer Podocarpus. The climate is cool and wet, with more than 2,500 millimeters of annual rainfall on eastward-facing slopes and cold-season snow on the Andringitra Massif, where temperatures can fall as low as -11 degrees Celsius. Many of its endemic plants have their closest relatives in South Africa and the East African highlands, and Andringitra alone harbors around 150 vascular endemics including 25 orchid species, though the thickets are threatened by conversion to highland cattle pasture and burning. For gardeners, the flora native here spans familiar ornamental and succulent genera such as Aloe, Kalanchoe, Helichrysum, and the true heaths of Erica.