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Tropical & Subtropical Coniferous Forests

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Sumatran tropical pine forests

Bioma

Tropical & Subtropical Coniferous Forests

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Reino biogeográfico

Indomalayan

Pinheiros-de-sumatra em uma crista gramada acima do lago Toba, Sumatra do Norte, Indonésia.

Foto da região - Ardianjusto / Wikimedia Commons - CC BY-SA 4.0; attribution required.

Sumatran tropical pine forests

As florestas tropicais de pinheiros de Sumatra formam uma das poucas ecorregiões de coníferas tropicais do mundo, ocupando as encostas altas da ilha de Sumatra, na Indonésia, ao longo das montanhas Bukit Barisan, incluindo as terras altas próximas ao lago Toba. O habitat é definido por florestas dominadas pelo pinheiro-de-sumatra (Pinus merkusii), que se estabelece em terrenos perturbados por deslizamentos, incêndios recorrentes e desmatamento humano, dispersos na forma de povoamentos isolados embutidos na floresta montana de folha larga do entorno. O clima é amplamente tropical, com cerca de 2.500 mm de chuva anual, embora esses pinheiros ocupem as vertentes orientais mais secas da serra e uma espessa camada de acículas mantenha o sub-bosque ralo. A flora e a fauna são menos diversas do que nas florestas vizinhas, mas a ecorregião é protegida em parte por reservas como Kerinci Seblat, e Pinus merkusii é considerado a espécie emblemática, embora enfrente a pressão do corte de madeira e do aumento dos incêndios. Entre as plantas do sub-bosque registradas aqui estão arbustos do gênero das madressilvas Lonicera e do gênero dos berbéris Berberis, ambos familiares aos jardineiros como ornamentais.

RESOLVE 305

Indomalayan

1,067 sq mi

Tropical & Subtropical Coniferous Forests

Tipo de paisagem

Tropical & Subtropical Coniferous Forests

Região vegetal

Indomalayan

Pegada da região

1,067 sq mi

Pressão sobre o habitat

Nature Could Reach Half Protected (Dinerstein NNH 2)

Origem e cuidado

Patrocinado

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Use isto como o padrão geral de plantio para a região: Florestas subtropicais e tropicais dominadas por coníferas, como os pinheiros, geralmente em climas semiáridos com chuvas sazonais. Frequentemente ocupam altitudes mais elevadas e apresentam sub-bosques adaptados ao fogo. Para decisões de jardim, refine pelas restrições de luz, água, solo e tamanho adulto do seu local.

°C

°F

Plantas que aguentam esta região

O Plotwright ainda não tem plantas com bom encaixe climático para esta região. À medida que o catálogo crescer nesta faixa climática, sugestões aparecerão aqui.

Regiões de plantio semelhantes

Explore outras regiões do mesmo bioma. As listas de plantas delas podem sugerir espécies e combinações que vale a pena comparar.

Troncos de pinheiro chir em uma encosta gramada acima de colinas himalaias em terraços em Ranikhet, Uttarakhand.

RESOLVE 302 - Indomalayan

Himalayan subtropical pine forests

The Himalayan subtropical pine forests form a long, narrow band stretching for over 3,000 km along the lower elevations of the Himalaya, spanning Pakistan, India, Nepal, and Bhutan and crossing Indian states including Himachal Pradesh, Uttarakhand, and Sikkim. The forest is dominated by a single conifer, the Chir pine (Pinus roxburghii), which forms open stands over a sparse understory of shrubs such as barberry, blackberry, and Himalayan raspberry. Its climate is shaped by the southwestern monsoon arriving off the Bay of Bengal roughly from May through September, with a pronounced gradient in which the eastern Himalaya are wetter and the west noticeably drier. Though less species-rich than tropical rainforest, the ecoregion is important habitat, home to wildlife such as the Himalayan goral, yet more than half of its natural habitat has been cleared or degraded by overgrazing, fuelwood and fodder collection, and shifting cultivation.

Tropical & Subtropical Coniferous Forests

RESOLVE 303 - Indomalayan

Luzon tropical pine forests

The Luzon tropical pine forests cover the high country of Luzon, the largest island of the Philippines, concentrated in the Cordillera Central of the north (including peaks such as Mount Pulag and Mount Data) and extending to the Zambales Mountains of west-central Luzon. The signature tree is the Benguet pine (Pinus insularis, also called Khasi or Luzon pine), which stands thinly spaced above open, grass-covered slopes rather than forming closed canopy. The climate is strongly seasonal: rainfall is high, well over 2,500 mm a year, but falls mostly during the July-August monsoon and typhoon season, followed by a long dry season from roughly November to April when fires help keep the pine-grassland in balance. The ecoregion is rich in endemic life, with the elegant tit as its flagship bird and a notable array of endemic Cordillera mammals such as cloud rats and earthworm mice, yet it is classed as Critical/Endangered, pressured by logging, burning, agricultural clearing, and mining. For gardeners, its defining native conifer is a hardy tropical-montane pine adapted to cool uplands and a pronounced dry season.

Tropical & Subtropical Coniferous Forests

RESOLVE 304 - Indomalayan

Northeast India-Myanmar pine forests

The Northeast India-Myanmar pine forests are a montane subtropical coniferous ecoregion of the Naga Hills, spanning the border country between India's Nagaland and Mizoram states and adjacent Myanmar in three separate enclaves between roughly 1,500 and 2,500 meters in elevation. Tenasserim pine (Pinus latteri) dominates the lower slopes, giving way at higher elevations to Khasi pine and blue pine mixed with hemlock, fir, and broadleaf oaks, maples, and rhododendrons. The mountains intercept monsoon moisture pushing inland from the Bay of Bengal, so heavy, terrain-forced rainfall and complex topography shape where each forest type grows. The Khasi pine is the ecoregion's flagship species, and the forests support wildlife such as serow, sambar, Indian muntjac, and Asian black bear, though the region has little formal protection and ongoing shifting cultivation has cleared much habitat. For gardeners, the native flora is rich in familiar ornamentals, including Rhododendron, holly (Ilex), and tree-dwelling orchids of the genera Cymbidium, Dendrobium, and Vanda.

Tropical & Subtropical Coniferous Forests

RESOLVE 552 - Neotropic

Bahamian pineyards

The Bahamian pineyards are a tropical and subtropical coniferous forest ecoregion spanning the northern Bahamas, on Grand Bahama, Abaco, Andros, and New Providence, together with the Caicos Islands of the Turks and Caicos. The canopy is dominated by the Bahamian pine (Pinus caribaea var. bahamensis), a variety botanically distinct from other Caribbean pines and adapted to sandy, salty ground, growing over a broad-leaved shrub understory that includes poisonwood (Metopium toxiferum), thatch palms, and the endemic five-finger. These are fire-maintained, pyrogenic forests; pollen records indicate a largely anthropogenic origin, with the modern pineyards established by about 1200 CE following Lucayan land clearing. The ecoregion carries a Critical/Endangered status and shelters notable wildlife, including endemic birds such as the Bahama yellowthroat, Bahama woodstar, and Bahama oriole, rock iguanas (Cyclura) and boas (Epicrates), and the wintering Kirtland's warbler, while logging, invasive species, and intensifying hurricanes such as Dorian remain serious threats. For gardeners, the understory native pinepink orchid (Bletia purpurea) is among the ornamental plants found here.

Tropical & Subtropical Coniferous Forests

RESOLVE 325 - Nearctic

Bermuda subtropical conifer forests

This ecoregion covers Bermuda, a crescent-shaped archipelago of limestone islands of low elevation in the Atlantic roughly 1,000 km off the US East Coast, with a mild subtropical climate moderated by the Gulf Stream and no recorded frosts. Its uplands were historically dominated by dense stands of three endemic plants: Bermuda cedar (Juniperus bermudiana, a juniper), Bermuda palmetto, and Bermuda olivewood, with mangrove swamps along the coast. Despite low overall species richness, the isolated islands hold notably high endemism. In the 1940s introduced scale insects devastated the cedar forests, and only about 10% of the native cedar remains today; Bermuda is also the seabird home of the Bermuda petrel (cahow), famously rediscovered in 1951.

Tropical & Subtropical Coniferous Forests

RESOLVE 553 - Neotropic

Central American pine-oak forests

The Central American pine-oak forests stretch along the mountainous spine of northern Central America, from the Chiapas highlands and Sierra Madre de Chiapas in southern Mexico through the uplands of Guatemala, El Salvador, and Honduras into Nicaragua. As the name suggests, these montane woodlands are dominated by pines (Pinus species) and oaks (Quercus species), with pines tending to prevail at higher elevations and oaks lower down, alongside trees such as American sweetgum. They occupy a mid-elevation band roughly between 600 and 1,800 meters, giving way to cloud forest higher up and grading into tropical moist forest on the Caribbean slope and tropical dry forest on the Pacific slope. The region is an Endemic Bird Area and the celebrated home of the resplendent quetzal, though much of its forest is now considered critically threatened, with the stands in El Salvador almost entirely cleared. For gardeners, it is the native ground of American sweetgum (Liquidambar styraciflua), a popular ornamental shade tree prized for its fall color.

Tropical & Subtropical Coniferous Forests

Até onde chega esta ecorregião

Os países, estados dos EUA e províncias do Canadá que esta ecorregião toca, a partir de um cruzamento espacial de seu polígono RESOLVE com os limites da Natural Earth.

Países

Indonesia

Educator packet

Region packet

Sumatran tropical pine forests educator packet

As florestas tropicais de pinheiros de Sumatra formam uma das poucas ecorregiões de coníferas tropicais do mundo, ocupando as encostas altas da ilha de Sumatra, na Indonésia, ao longo das montanhas Bukit Barisan, incluindo as terras altas próximas ao lago Toba. O habitat é definido por florestas dominadas pelo pinheiro-de-sumatra (Pinus merkusii), que se estabelece em terrenos perturbados por deslizamentos, incêndios recorrentes e desmatamento humano, dispersos na forma de povoamentos isolados embutidos na floresta montana de folha larga do entorno. O clima é amplamente tropical, com cerca de 2.500 mm de chuva anual, embora esses pinheiros ocupem as vertentes orientais mais secas da serra e uma espessa camada de acículas mantenha o sub-bosque ralo. A flora e a fauna são menos diversas do que nas florestas vizinhas, mas a ecorregião é protegida em parte por reservas como Kerinci Seblat, e Pinus merkusii é considerado a espécie emblemática, embora enfrente a pressão do corte de madeira e do aumento dos incêndios. Entre as plantas do sub-bosque registradas aqui estão arbustos do gênero das madressilvas Lonicera e do gênero dos berbéris Berberis, ambos familiares aos jardineiros como ornamentais.

Realm

Indomalayan

Dominant biome

Tropical & Subtropical Coniferous Forests

Approximate area

1,067 square miles

States / provinces

Not recorded

Climate descriptor

Not recorded

Classroom prompts

- Which climate and biome facts explain why this region supports its characteristic plants?

- How do native-plant and wildlife-support claims differ from a species-presence claim?

- Which source-backed facts would you cite before using this region in a classroom map activity?

Use the Sources & citations section below for page citation styles and region source links.

Fontes e citações

Citar esta página

Para planos de aula, artigos ou notas de plantio regionais que usem esta página do Plotwright. Para citar a estrutura de ecorregiões subjacente ou um perfil editorial específico, use os cartões de fontes abaixo.

Plotwright. (n.d.). Sumatran tropical pine forests (Sumatran tropical pine forests). Retrieved 2026, August 20, from https://plotwright.com/regions/resolve-305

Fontes para esta região

Esta página cita primeiro o Plotwright pela visão compilada e depois lista as páginas de fontes da estrutura, do clima e editoriais a montante para que os leitores possam citar o material original diretamente.

RESOLVE 2017 Terrestrial Ecoregions (Dinerstein et al.)

Estrutura principal de ecorregiões

One Earth

Wikipedia

Wikimedia Foundation

Abrir fonte

Guia de fontes