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Tropical & Subtropical Coniferous Forests

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Sumatran tropical pine forests

Biome

Tropical & Subtropical Coniferous Forests

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Règne biogéographique

Indomalayan

Pins de Sumatra sur une crête herbeuse au-dessus du lac Toba, Sumatra du Nord, Indonésie.

Photo de la région - Ardianjusto / Wikimedia Commons - CC BY-SA 4.0; attribution required.

Sumatran tropical pine forests

Les forêts tropicales de pins de Sumatra forment l'une des rares écorégions de conifères tropicaux au monde, occupant les hautes pentes de l'île de Sumatra, en Indonésie, le long des monts Bukit Barisan, y compris les hautes terres proches du lac Toba. L'habitat se définit par des forêts dominées par le pin de Sumatra (Pinus merkusii), qui s'installe sur des terrains perturbés par des glissements de terrain, des incendies récurrents et le défrichement humain, dispersés en peuplements isolés enchâssés dans la forêt montagnarde de feuillus environnante. Le climat est globalement tropical, avec environ 2 500 mm de pluie annuelle, bien que ces pins occupent les versants orientaux plus secs de la chaîne et qu'une épaisse litière d'aiguilles maintienne le sous-bois clairsemé. La flore et la faune sont moins diverses que dans les forêts humides voisines, mais l'écorégion est protégée en partie par des réserves comme Kerinci Seblat, et Pinus merkusii est considéré comme l'espèce emblématique, tout en subissant la pression de l'exploitation forestière et de la multiplication des incendies. Parmi les plantes du sous-bois relevées ici figurent des arbustes du genre des chèvrefeuilles Lonicera et du genre des épines-vinettes Berberis, tous deux familiers aux jardiniers comme ornementaux.

RESOLVE 305

Indomalayan

1,067 sq mi

Tropical & Subtropical Coniferous Forests

Type de paysage

Tropical & Subtropical Coniferous Forests

Région végétale

Indomalayan

Empreinte de la région

1,067 sq mi

Pression sur l'habitat

Nature Could Reach Half Protected (Dinerstein NNH 2)

Sourcing et entretien

Sponsorisé

Plantes indigènes

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Utilisez ceci comme schéma général de plantation pour la région : Forêts subtropicales et tropicales dominées par des conifères tels que les pins, généralement dans des climats semi-arides à précipitations saisonnières. Elles occupent souvent les altitudes plus élevées et portent des sous-bois adaptés au feu. Pour vos décisions de jardin, affinez selon les contraintes de lumière, d'eau, de sol et de taille adulte de votre site.

°C

°F

Plantes adaptées à cette région

Plotwright n'a pas encore de plantes adaptées au climat pour cette région. À mesure que le catalogue s'étend à cette bande climatique, des suggestions apparaîtront ici.

Régions de plantation similaires

Parcourez d'autres régions du même biome. Leurs listes de plantes peuvent suggérer des espèces et des associations à comparer.

Troncs de pins chir sur un versant herbeux au-dessus de collines himalayennes en terrasses à Ranikhet, Uttarakhand.

RESOLVE 302 - Indomalayan

Himalayan subtropical pine forests

The Himalayan subtropical pine forests form a long, narrow band stretching for over 3,000 km along the lower elevations of the Himalaya, spanning Pakistan, India, Nepal, and Bhutan and crossing Indian states including Himachal Pradesh, Uttarakhand, and Sikkim. The forest is dominated by a single conifer, the Chir pine (Pinus roxburghii), which forms open stands over a sparse understory of shrubs such as barberry, blackberry, and Himalayan raspberry. Its climate is shaped by the southwestern monsoon arriving off the Bay of Bengal roughly from May through September, with a pronounced gradient in which the eastern Himalaya are wetter and the west noticeably drier. Though less species-rich than tropical rainforest, the ecoregion is important habitat, home to wildlife such as the Himalayan goral, yet more than half of its natural habitat has been cleared or degraded by overgrazing, fuelwood and fodder collection, and shifting cultivation.

Tropical & Subtropical Coniferous Forests

RESOLVE 303 - Indomalayan

Luzon tropical pine forests

The Luzon tropical pine forests cover the high country of Luzon, the largest island of the Philippines, concentrated in the Cordillera Central of the north (including peaks such as Mount Pulag and Mount Data) and extending to the Zambales Mountains of west-central Luzon. The signature tree is the Benguet pine (Pinus insularis, also called Khasi or Luzon pine), which stands thinly spaced above open, grass-covered slopes rather than forming closed canopy. The climate is strongly seasonal: rainfall is high, well over 2,500 mm a year, but falls mostly during the July-August monsoon and typhoon season, followed by a long dry season from roughly November to April when fires help keep the pine-grassland in balance. The ecoregion is rich in endemic life, with the elegant tit as its flagship bird and a notable array of endemic Cordillera mammals such as cloud rats and earthworm mice, yet it is classed as Critical/Endangered, pressured by logging, burning, agricultural clearing, and mining. For gardeners, its defining native conifer is a hardy tropical-montane pine adapted to cool uplands and a pronounced dry season.

Tropical & Subtropical Coniferous Forests

RESOLVE 304 - Indomalayan

Northeast India-Myanmar pine forests

The Northeast India-Myanmar pine forests are a montane subtropical coniferous ecoregion of the Naga Hills, spanning the border country between India's Nagaland and Mizoram states and adjacent Myanmar in three separate enclaves between roughly 1,500 and 2,500 meters in elevation. Tenasserim pine (Pinus latteri) dominates the lower slopes, giving way at higher elevations to Khasi pine and blue pine mixed with hemlock, fir, and broadleaf oaks, maples, and rhododendrons. The mountains intercept monsoon moisture pushing inland from the Bay of Bengal, so heavy, terrain-forced rainfall and complex topography shape where each forest type grows. The Khasi pine is the ecoregion's flagship species, and the forests support wildlife such as serow, sambar, Indian muntjac, and Asian black bear, though the region has little formal protection and ongoing shifting cultivation has cleared much habitat. For gardeners, the native flora is rich in familiar ornamentals, including Rhododendron, holly (Ilex), and tree-dwelling orchids of the genera Cymbidium, Dendrobium, and Vanda.

Tropical & Subtropical Coniferous Forests

RESOLVE 552 - Neotropic

Bahamian pineyards

The Bahamian pineyards are a tropical and subtropical coniferous forest ecoregion spanning the northern Bahamas, on Grand Bahama, Abaco, Andros, and New Providence, together with the Caicos Islands of the Turks and Caicos. The canopy is dominated by the Bahamian pine (Pinus caribaea var. bahamensis), a variety botanically distinct from other Caribbean pines and adapted to sandy, salty ground, growing over a broad-leaved shrub understory that includes poisonwood (Metopium toxiferum), thatch palms, and the endemic five-finger. These are fire-maintained, pyrogenic forests; pollen records indicate a largely anthropogenic origin, with the modern pineyards established by about 1200 CE following Lucayan land clearing. The ecoregion carries a Critical/Endangered status and shelters notable wildlife, including endemic birds such as the Bahama yellowthroat, Bahama woodstar, and Bahama oriole, rock iguanas (Cyclura) and boas (Epicrates), and the wintering Kirtland's warbler, while logging, invasive species, and intensifying hurricanes such as Dorian remain serious threats. For gardeners, the understory native pinepink orchid (Bletia purpurea) is among the ornamental plants found here.

Tropical & Subtropical Coniferous Forests

RESOLVE 325 - Nearctic

Bermuda subtropical conifer forests

This ecoregion covers Bermuda, a crescent-shaped archipelago of limestone islands of low elevation in the Atlantic roughly 1,000 km off the US East Coast, with a mild subtropical climate moderated by the Gulf Stream and no recorded frosts. Its uplands were historically dominated by dense stands of three endemic plants: Bermuda cedar (Juniperus bermudiana, a juniper), Bermuda palmetto, and Bermuda olivewood, with mangrove swamps along the coast. Despite low overall species richness, the isolated islands hold notably high endemism. In the 1940s introduced scale insects devastated the cedar forests, and only about 10% of the native cedar remains today; Bermuda is also the seabird home of the Bermuda petrel (cahow), famously rediscovered in 1951.

Tropical & Subtropical Coniferous Forests

RESOLVE 553 - Neotropic

Central American pine-oak forests

The Central American pine-oak forests stretch along the mountainous spine of northern Central America, from the Chiapas highlands and Sierra Madre de Chiapas in southern Mexico through the uplands of Guatemala, El Salvador, and Honduras into Nicaragua. As the name suggests, these montane woodlands are dominated by pines (Pinus species) and oaks (Quercus species), with pines tending to prevail at higher elevations and oaks lower down, alongside trees such as American sweetgum. They occupy a mid-elevation band roughly between 600 and 1,800 meters, giving way to cloud forest higher up and grading into tropical moist forest on the Caribbean slope and tropical dry forest on the Pacific slope. The region is an Endemic Bird Area and the celebrated home of the resplendent quetzal, though much of its forest is now considered critically threatened, with the stands in El Salvador almost entirely cleared. For gardeners, it is the native ground of American sweetgum (Liquidambar styraciflua), a popular ornamental shade tree prized for its fall color.

Tropical & Subtropical Coniferous Forests

Jusqu’où s’étend cette écorégion

Les pays, États américains et provinces canadiennes que touche cette écorégion, d’après un croisement spatial de son polygone RESOLVE avec les limites de Natural Earth.

Pays

Indonesia

Educator packet

Region packet

Sumatran tropical pine forests educator packet

Les forêts tropicales de pins de Sumatra forment l'une des rares écorégions de conifères tropicaux au monde, occupant les hautes pentes de l'île de Sumatra, en Indonésie, le long des monts Bukit Barisan, y compris les hautes terres proches du lac Toba. L'habitat se définit par des forêts dominées par le pin de Sumatra (Pinus merkusii), qui s'installe sur des terrains perturbés par des glissements de terrain, des incendies récurrents et le défrichement humain, dispersés en peuplements isolés enchâssés dans la forêt montagnarde de feuillus environnante. Le climat est globalement tropical, avec environ 2 500 mm de pluie annuelle, bien que ces pins occupent les versants orientaux plus secs de la chaîne et qu'une épaisse litière d'aiguilles maintienne le sous-bois clairsemé. La flore et la faune sont moins diverses que dans les forêts humides voisines, mais l'écorégion est protégée en partie par des réserves comme Kerinci Seblat, et Pinus merkusii est considéré comme l'espèce emblématique, tout en subissant la pression de l'exploitation forestière et de la multiplication des incendies. Parmi les plantes du sous-bois relevées ici figurent des arbustes du genre des chèvrefeuilles Lonicera et du genre des épines-vinettes Berberis, tous deux familiers aux jardiniers comme ornementaux.

Realm

Indomalayan

Dominant biome

Tropical & Subtropical Coniferous Forests

Approximate area

1,067 square miles

States / provinces

Not recorded

Climate descriptor

Not recorded

Classroom prompts

- Which climate and biome facts explain why this region supports its characteristic plants?

- How do native-plant and wildlife-support claims differ from a species-presence claim?

- Which source-backed facts would you cite before using this region in a classroom map activity?

Use the Sources & citations section below for page citation styles and region source links.

Sources et citations

Citer cette page

Pour les plans de cours, articles ou notes de plantation régionales qui utilisent cette page Plotwright. Pour citer le cadre d'écorégions sous-jacent ou un profil éditorial spécifique, utilisez les fiches de sources ci-dessous.

Plotwright. (n.d.). Sumatran tropical pine forests (Sumatran tropical pine forests). Retrieved 2026, August 20, from https://plotwright.com/regions/resolve-305

Sources pour cette région

Cette page cite d'abord Plotwright pour la vue compilée, puis répertorie les pages sources du cadre, du climat et de l'éditorial en amont afin que les lecteurs puissent citer directement le matériel d'origine.

RESOLVE 2017 Terrestrial Ecoregions (Dinerstein et al.)

Cadre principal des écorégions

One Earth

Wikipedia

Wikimedia Foundation

Ouvrir la source

Guide des sources