Silvics of North America (Agriculture Handbook 654)
Primary source
USDA Forest Service
The USDA Forest Service’s two-volume reference (Burns and Honkala, 1990) on the silvical characteristics of North American trees: native range, climate, soils, associated species, life history, growth and yield, and genetics, each chapter written by a named specialist.
What you'll find here
North American tree native range
Climate and soil tolerances of trees
Growth rate, size, and lifespan
Seed, regeneration, and associated species
Specific data we draw from it: native range, climate and soils, reproduction and early growth, sapling to maturity growth.
Good to know
Forest-grown figures. Heights, diameters, and ages describe forest-grown trees; state them as forest figures, not as garden expectations.
Chapter authorship. Each species chapter has its own author; cite the chapter author with Burns and Honkala as editors.
How to cite this source
Cite the species page under https://research.fs.usda.gov/silvics/ with its chapter author, and Burns and Honkala (1990) as editors.
License
U.S. federal government work, public domain; attribution to the chapter author is still expected.
Caution
Published in 1990: taxonomy, range, and pest notes can be out of date (emerald ash borer, for example, postdates it); check a current source for those.
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