Common primrose

A vigorous, semi-evergreen, clump- and colony-forming hardy geranium grown as one of the best groundcovers for dry shade under trees and shrubs. Its soft, deeply lobed, strongly aromatic leaves form a dense, weed-smothering carpet, many of them flushing red and bronze in autumn, and above the foliage rise loose clusters of magenta-pink (or white) flowers with prominent protruding stamens in late spring and early summer. It spreads steadily by thick surface rhizomes into a tough, low-maintenance, weed-proof mat that is easy to pull back and is not aggressively invasive. The aromatic foliage makes it markedly deer- and rabbit-resistant, and it is genuinely drought-tolerant once established. It is grown purely as an ornamental and is not a food plant.

A tough, aromatic garden hybrid (Nepeta racemosa x N. nepetella) that forms a low, spreading mound of scalloped gray-green leaves topped by raceme-like spikes of two-lipped lavender-blue flowers from late spring into fall. Sterile and clump-forming rather than weedy, it shrugs off heat, drought, and deer, draws bees all season, and is mildly attractive to cats - a workhorse for border fronts, edging, and dry sunny sites.

A sturdy, upright hardy perennial grown for the dense terminal heads - and tight axillary clusters - of upward- and outward-facing, deep violet-blue (sometimes white or purple) bell-shaped flowers it carries from early to midsummer above clumps of rough, oval basal leaves. POWO (Kew) gives its native range as a broad sweep of the temperate Northern Hemisphere from Britain across Europe and through temperate Asia to Japan and Korea (some 57 botanical countries), where it grows in dry grassland, scrub, and open woodland, often on chalky soils. It is one of the easiest border bellflowers: hardy in USDA zones 3a-8b and rated fully hardy (H7) by the RHS, which gives the rich-blue cultivar "Superba" and the pale "Caroline" its Award of Garden Merit. Plant it in full sun or light shade in ordinary, moisture-retentive soil and it will spread steadily by underground rhizomes to form a colony - vigorous and welcome in a relaxed border, but worth siting where it can run, or lifting and dividing to keep it in bounds. The open clusters are excellent for bees, worked above all by bumblebees. Sources give no edible use, so treat it as an ornamental only.

A low, clump-forming native woodland violet of eastern North America, grown for its early spring blue-to-purple flowers with conspicuous white throats held over glossy, heart-shaped leaves. It does not run, but self-seeds freely - to the point of being weedy in rich, moist ground. A larval host for fritillary butterflies and a nectar source for early bees and butterflies; the leaves are high in vitamins A and C.

Among the very first flowers of the year, the common snowdrop pushes up through cold soil in late winter to open a single nodding white bell on each short stem, the inner segments marked with a neat green tip. A small late-winter bulb of mainland European woodland and grass, it is the classic naturalising snowdrop - left undisturbed, a few bulbs slowly spread into the drifts and sheets that carpet a winter garden. Honest cautions: all parts are mildly toxic if eaten (it contains galanthamine and lectins), and it is best moved and divided 'in the green' - in leaf, just after flowering - rather than bought and planted as a dry bulb.

The classic lawn daisy: a low, rosette-forming perennial with spoon-shaped leaves and white, often pink-tipped ray flowers around a yellow disc on short stems, blooming from spring into autumn. The flowers close at night and in rain - the old "day's eye" - and double cool-season bedding forms such as "Pomponette" and "Habanera" are widely grown. Often written off as a lawn weed, it is in fact a tough, charming, child's-favourite groundcover that flowers for months, thrives in mown grass because it keeps its blooms low, and offers easy early-season nectar and pollen. The flowers and young leaves are edible.