A vigorous, semi-evergreen, clump- and colony-forming hardy geranium grown as one of the best groundcovers for dry shade under trees and shrubs. Its soft, deeply lobed, strongly aromatic leaves form a dense, weed-smothering carpet, many of them flushing red and bronze in autumn, and above the foliage rise loose clusters of magenta-pink (or white) flowers with prominent protruding stamens in late spring and early summer. It spreads steadily by thick surface rhizomes into a tough, low-maintenance, weed-proof mat that is easy to pull back and is not aggressively invasive. The aromatic foliage makes it markedly deer- and rabbit-resistant, and it is genuinely drought-tolerant once established. It is grown purely as an ornamental and is not a food plant.

A tough, aromatic garden hybrid (Nepeta racemosa x N. nepetella) that forms a low, spreading mound of scalloped gray-green leaves topped by raceme-like spikes of two-lipped lavender-blue flowers from late spring into fall. Sterile and clump-forming rather than weedy, it shrugs off heat, drought, and deer, draws bees all season, and is mildly attractive to cats — a workhorse for border fronts, edging, and dry sunny sites.

A sturdy, upright hardy perennial grown for the dense terminal heads — and tight axillary clusters — of upward- and outward-facing, deep violet-blue (sometimes white or purple) bell-shaped flowers it carries from early to midsummer above clumps of rough, oval basal leaves. POWO (Kew) gives its native range as a broad sweep of the temperate Northern Hemisphere from Britain across Europe and through temperate Asia to Japan and Korea (some 57 botanical countries), where it grows in dry grassland, scrub, and open woodland, often on chalky soils. It is one of the easiest border bellflowers: hardy in USDA zones 3a-8b and rated fully hardy (H7) by the RHS, which gives the rich-blue cultivar "Superba" and the pale "Caroline" its Award of Garden Merit. Plant it in full sun or light shade in ordinary, moisture-retentive soil and it will spread steadily by underground rhizomes to form a colony — vigorous and welcome in a relaxed border, but worth siting where it can run, or lifting and dividing to keep it in bounds. The open clusters are excellent for bees, worked above all by bumblebees. Sources give no edible use, so treat it as an ornamental only.

A low, clump-forming native woodland violet of eastern North America, grown for its early spring blue-to-purple flowers with conspicuous white throats held over glossy, heart-shaped leaves. It does not run, but self-seeds freely — to the point of being weedy in rich, moist ground. A larval host for fritillary butterflies and a nectar source for early bees and butterflies; the leaves are high in vitamins A and C.

Common lungwort is a low-growing, rhizomatous herbaceous perennial native to deciduous and beech-mixed woodlands of central and western Europe, from Belgium and the Netherlands east to the Caucasus (Wikipedia). Its white-spotted, heart-shaped leaves and early-spring flowers — opening pink then aging to blue-purple as petal pH shifts — make it one of the first-blooming shade groundcovers in the garden. It thrives beneath deciduous trees in humus-rich, consistently moist soil and is reliably hardy through zone 3. The honest catch: in heat, drought, or poor air circulation it collapses into disfiguring powdery mildew mid-summer, often leaving the foliage blackened and unsightly until new basal growth re-emerges — siting in cool, evenly moist shade with good airflow is not optional.

The true wild primrose of European woodland and hedge banks — low rosettes of crinkled, tongue-shaped leaves throwing up many single, pale soft-yellow flowers with a deeper yellow eye, one per slender stem, among the very first blooms of the year in late winter and early spring. This is the genuine species (gentle pale yellow), NOT the loud multi-coloured Polyanthus and Primula hybrids sold as winter bedding. POWO (Kew) places it native across western and southern Europe, North Africa, and southwest Asia; RHS holds it with the Award of Garden Merit and rates it fully hardy. Its flowers and young leaves are edible, and it is a crucial early nectar source for the first bees and butterflies.