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Black elder

Black elder

Sambucus nigra
Black elder (Sambucus nigra) is a fast, tough, wildlife-rich deciduous shrub native across Europe, north Africa and western Asia (POWO). It earns its place twice a year: broad flat creamy-white flower umbels scent the garden in early summer, then drooping clusters of small black berries ripen in late summer to feed birds in quantity. RHS gives the ornamental forms (e.g. "Black Lace") the Award of Garden Merit and rates the species fully hardy (H6). It is also one of the classic foraging shrubs — the flowers and the COOKED ripe berries are much-used for elderflower cordial and for elderberry syrup, wine and jam. The honest catch is real: the raw berries, and the leaves, bark, stems and roots, are toxic (cyanogenic glycosides) and cause nausea and vomiting, so berries must always be cooked and never eaten raw or unripe. Vigorous to the point of suckering and seeding about, elder is a wildlife and hedgerow plant first, an ornamental second.
Climate fit: narrow (39/100)
Structure
Border
Pollinator
Light
Full sun / Part shade
Water
Moderate water
Mature size
96-240" tall · 96" apart
Hardy in zones
4a-8b
very cold to frosty winters
Native in Illinois
No

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Insect-pollinated: the broad, flat creamy umbels are an open landing platform freely worked by honey bees, solitary bees and hoverflies in early summer.

Cold hardiness

These values are location-based: this location's current hardiness is the baseline, and the 2050 value is a projected future climate for this same location.
Now
Zone 6b
Plotwright
USDA Zone 6b
-5°F to 0°F
Well-suited
Zone 7a
Plotwright
0°F to 5°F
Well-suited
In plain terms: This location has cold winters. Its winters are projected to keep warming through 2050.
Well-suited today and still thriving in 2050.

Heat tolerance

Heat tolerance values are location-based too: heat days today are observed at this site, and the 2050 value projects this same location under a future climate.
Loading AHS heat-zone data for this location...

Similar plants

Browse lateral options with similar roles, light needs, size, or native-range overlap; these are not filtered for a better climate fit.
Viburnum dentatum
Arrowwood viburnum
A native eastern + central North American multi-stemmed deciduous shrub with dentate (toothed) foliage, white spring flower clusters, blue-black drupes, and reliable fall color. Especially valued for wildlife — among the most-cited native shrubs for fall-migration bird forage.
Shrub
Full sun / Part shade
Moderate water
Zones 2a-8b
Climate: broad
Structure
Pollinator
Border
Viburnum prunifolium
Blackhaw viburnum
A native eastern North American multi-stemmed deciduous shrub or small tree with white spring flower clusters, edible dark-blue drupes, and red-purple fall foliage. Among the most adaptable native viburnums; tolerates a wide range of soil + light conditions.
Shrub
Full sun / Part shade
Moderate water
Zones 3a-9b
Climate: broad
Structure
Pollinator
Border
Euonymus europaeus
European spindle
A deciduous European hedgerow shrub or small tree grown above all for one of the most arresting autumn shows of any native woody plant — rosy-pink, four-lobed fruit capsules that split to reveal vivid orange-coated seeds, hanging against red-purple foliage. Native across Europe and into western Asia (POWO, Kew), it is a tough, undemanding plant for hedgerows and informal screens that genuinely earns its keep for wildlife: insect-pollinated flowers in spring, seeds taken by birds, and aphid colonies that feed ladybirds and hoverflies. The honest pitch, and it is load-bearing: every part of this plant is toxic if eaten and the colourful fruit is especially so, so it must be sited away from where children might be tempted; it is also a primary winter host of the black bean aphid, so keep it well clear of a vegetable plot. With those two caveats respected, it is a dependable, wildlife-rich native — chosen for honest autumn drama, not for being trouble-free.
Shrub
Full sun / Part shade
Moderate water
Zones 3a-7b
Climate: narrow
Border
Focal point
Structure
Pollinator
Arbutus unedo
Strawberry tree
The strawberry tree (Arbutus unedo) is a handsome evergreen of the heath family that earns its keep through one striking trick: in autumn it carries white, urn-shaped flowers and round, warty, red strawberry-like fruit on the plant at the same time, against dark glossy leaves and peeling red-brown bark. Native to the Mediterranean region and, unusually, western Ireland (POWO, Kew), it is a tough, drought- and lime-tolerant shrub or small tree for mild gardens — but only moderately cold-hardy (roughly USDA zone 7 and warmer), so it is not a plant for hard-winter areas. RHS gives it the Award of Garden Merit and rates it hardy in most of the UK in mild areas (H4). The fruit is edible but bland and mealy fresh — its name unedo, 'I eat one', is a fair warning — and is mostly used cooked for jams and liqueurs.
Shrub
Full sun / Part shade
Low water
Zones 7a-10b
Climate: narrow
Structure
Focal point
Pollinator
Border
Philadelphus coronarius
Sweet mock-orange
A large, vigorous, multi-stemmed deciduous shrub grown above all for its intensely fragrant pure-white flowers, which open in cupped clusters in late spring to early summer and carry a rich scent very like orange blossom. Native to southeastern Europe and the Caucasus region (not North America), it forms an arching, dense, oval mound 10-12 feet tall and is one of the most reliable old-fashioned fragrance shrubs for full sun to part shade — easy, cold-hardy, and undemanding once established, though its display is a single, glorious, several-week burst rather than a long season.
Shrub
Full sun / Part shade
Moderate water
Zones 4a-8b
Climate: narrow
Structure
Border
Pollinator
Aronia melanocarpa
Black chokeberry
A drought-and-flood-tolerant native shrub of eastern North America with brilliant three-season interest — spring white-pink flowers, glossy black antioxidant-rich late-summer berries, and brilliant wine-red fall foliage — plus an extraordinarily wide cold-hardiness range (USDA 3a-8b). The berries are astringent fresh but the basis of a small but growing commercial industry (juices, wines, jams, supplements) for their exceptionally high anthocyanin content. Spreads by suckers; site where colony formation is welcome.
Shrub
Full sun / Part shade
Moderate water
Zones 3a-8b
Climate: broad
Border
Pollinator
Structure
Edible

Sources & citations

Cite this page
For lesson plans, articles, or research that uses this page. To cite a single upstream fact instead, use its specific source listed below.
Plotwright. (2026, May 17). Black elder (Sambucus nigra). Retrieved 2026, June 24, from https://plotwright.com/plants/sambucus-nigra
Sources for every fact
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Plants of the World Online (POWO)
Botanical research database
Backs 17 fields
Identity
Summary
Plant type
Light
Moisture
Hardiness
Heat zone
Size
Spacing
Habit
Design roles
Seasonal interest
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Regional guidance
Success tips
Designer notes
Wikimedia Commons
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Backs 1 field
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RHS Find a Plant
Botanical research database
GBIF
Botanical research database
Wikipedia (ecoregion articles)
Botanical research database