Rosemary

A tall, somewhat imposing herbaceous perennial culinary herb grown for the celery-like flavor of its leaves, stems, roots, and seeds. Native to the eastern Mediterranean and reaching up to 6 feet in height, it carries small umbels of tiny, greenish-yellow flowers in spring above ternately compound, deeply divided, dark-green leaves that resemble flattened parsley or celery (Missouri Botanical Garden PlantFinder).

A drought-and-flood-tolerant native shrub of eastern North America with brilliant three-season interest - spring white-pink flowers, glossy black antioxidant-rich late-summer berries, and brilliant wine-red fall foliage - plus an extraordinarily wide cold-hardiness range (USDA 3a-8b). The berries are astringent fresh but the basis of a small but growing commercial industry (juices, wines, jams, supplements) for their exceptionally high anthocyanin content. Spreads by suckers; site where colony formation is welcome.

A thorny, twiggy deciduous shrub from China (POWO, Kew), grown above all for flowers that open VERY EARLY - in late winter and early spring on bare twigs, before the leaves. The cup-shaped blooms are scarlet to orange (also pink or white in named forms) and, because they arrive when little else is open, they are a valuable nectar source for the first bees of the year and excellent for forcing as cut branches indoors. By autumn the shrub carries hard, fragrant, yellow-green quince-like fruits. It is hardy across USDA zones 4a-8b. Be honest about its temperament: it is thorny and can sucker, so it earns its place as an informal barrier or hedge rather than as a tidy specimen by a path.

The true catnip: a bushy, aromatic, grey-green herbaceous perennial herb with toothed, downy, mint-like leaves and summer spikes of small white, purple-spotted flowers. POWO (Kew) gives its native range as across Europe and Asia, and it has naturalised worldwide. Its leaves carry nepetalactone, a powerful euphoric attractant for cats - roughly two-thirds of cats respond by rolling, rubbing, and chewing - so expect neighbourhood cats to flatten it; the same compound has documented repellent activity against mosquitoes and some insect pests. It is a tough, drought-tolerant, easy herb that self-seeds and can spread and flop, so cut it back hard after flowering for a fresh, tidier flush. It is hardy across USDA zones 3a-9b. RHS lists Nepeta cataria as a hardy aromatic herb for bees and culinary/herbal use and rates it fully hardy (H7). It is a traditional human herb too - catnip tea is a mild, calming infusion and the young leaves have culinary use - and a good bee and pollinator plant. Note this is the species catnip (Nepeta cataria), distinct from the sterile ornamental catmint hybrid Nepeta x faassenii.