A vigorous, semi-evergreen, clump- and colony-forming hardy geranium grown as one of the best groundcovers for dry shade under trees and shrubs. Its soft, deeply lobed, strongly aromatic leaves form a dense, weed-smothering carpet, many of them flushing red and bronze in autumn, and above the foliage rise loose clusters of magenta-pink (or white) flowers with prominent protruding stamens in late spring and early summer. It spreads steadily by thick surface rhizomes into a tough, low-maintenance, weed-proof mat that is easy to pull back and is not aggressively invasive. The aromatic foliage makes it markedly deer- and rabbit-resistant, and it is genuinely drought-tolerant once established. It is grown purely as an ornamental and is not a food plant.

A tough, aromatic garden hybrid (Nepeta racemosa x N. nepetella) that forms a low, spreading mound of scalloped gray-green leaves topped by raceme-like spikes of two-lipped lavender-blue flowers from late spring into fall. Sterile and clump-forming rather than weedy, it shrugs off heat, drought, and deer, draws bees all season, and is mildly attractive to cats — a workhorse for border fronts, edging, and dry sunny sites.

A low, clump-forming native woodland violet of eastern North America, grown for its early spring blue-to-purple flowers with conspicuous white throats held over glossy, heart-shaped leaves. It does not run, but self-seeds freely — to the point of being weedy in rich, moist ground. A larval host for fritillary butterflies and a nectar source for early bees and butterflies; the leaves are high in vitamins A and C.

The true wild primrose of European woodland and hedge banks — low rosettes of crinkled, tongue-shaped leaves throwing up many single, pale soft-yellow flowers with a deeper yellow eye, one per slender stem, among the very first blooms of the year in late winter and early spring. This is the genuine species (gentle pale yellow), NOT the loud multi-coloured Polyanthus and Primula hybrids sold as winter bedding. POWO (Kew) places it native across western and southern Europe, North Africa, and southwest Asia; RHS holds it with the Award of Garden Merit and rates it fully hardy. Its flowers and young leaves are edible, and it is a crucial early nectar source for the first bees and butterflies.

Among the very first flowers of the year, the common snowdrop pushes up through cold soil in late winter to open a single nodding white bell on each short stem, the inner segments marked with a neat green tip. A small late-winter bulb of mainland European woodland and grass, it is the classic naturalising snowdrop — left undisturbed, a few bulbs slowly spread into the drifts and sheets that carpet a winter garden. Honest cautions: all parts are mildly toxic if eaten (it contains galanthamine and lectins), and it is best moved and divided 'in the green' — in leaf, just after flowering — rather than bought and planted as a dry bulb.

One of the first flowers of spring — a low-growing corm that pushes goblet-shaped purple or white blooms straight out of cold, often still-snowy ground in early spring. Many garden hybrids ("Dutch crocus," "giant crocus," "spring crocus") descend from this alpine European species, which the Missouri Botanical Garden notes is native to the Pyrenees, Alps, and Carpathians. Each flower lasts only about three weeks, but corms naturalize and spread in sunny lawns and woodland edges over time.